Eco-Products®, a Novolex® brand and certified B Corp, is a provider of foodservice packaging made from renewable, recycled and reusable materials. In 2023, the company launched CIRC (Controls Intended to Remove Contamination), an easy-to-use set of customizable tools and frameworks to help generators––such as restaurants and stadiums––packaging manufacturers, distributors, haulers and composters control and manage contamination from non-compostable products and get rid of contamination before it makes its way to the composter.  

Composting Consortium: We know that contamination is a systemic challenge and one of the greatest barriers to the recovery of compostable packaging. As a brand who sells and manufactures these compostable materials, tell us how you’re combating the pervasive challenge of contamination in food waste streams.

Eco-Products: Contamination in compost streams is the defining challenge for composters, often leading to inefficiencies and increased costs. We’ve experienced this reality firsthand in Colorado, where Eco-Products is headquartered. Contamination from non-compostable materials has wreaked havoc on the local composting ecosystem in Colorado. We believe that food-contact compostable packaging—in addition to recyclable and reusable materials—has a key role to play in diverting food waste from landfill. We want to see compostable packaging succeed as a solution, but we know that contamination must first be solved to achieve that reality. We know this challenge isn’t exclusive to Colorado, and we knew we had to do something about it, so we developed a program called CIRC (Controls Intended to Remove Contamination).

Composting Consortium: How exactly does the CIRC program work and who is it for? 

Eco-Products: Unlike third-party certifications, CIRC is a customizable tool that is designed to build trust, transparency and accountability between generators—such as restaurants, stadiums or event venues—packaging manufacturers, distributors, haulers and composters. The CIRC Toolkit offers a menu of recommended contamination controls spanning Procurement, Operations, Communication, and Composter & Hauler Engagement that we call “the scorecard.” Each section has a list of controls that are practical and useful for mitigating contamination in the compost stream. The program verifies that foodservice operators have taken key steps to avoid sending non-compostable items to composters, ensuring that everyone involved in the composting process is aware of their role in preventing contamination. With CIRC, composters can have greater confidence in the organics streams they receive.

Composting Consortium: Can you give us an example of how a stakeholder can use the tool?

Eco-Products: Yes! For example, a restaurant can reference the ‘Procurement’ section of the scorecard for a list of best practices and guidance when ordering and stocking certified compostable packaging. By following these order requirements, the restaurant can feel confident that the products they’re ordering have been approved by the certifier, the operator and the composter.

Composting Consortium: What makes CIRC different from other solutions?

Eco-Products: One of the standout features of the CIRC program is its open-source nature. This means that anyone, regardless of whether they are an Eco-Products customer, can access and benefit from the program’s resources.

For composters, the primary benefit of CIRC is the reduction in contamination, which leads to more efficient composting processes. With fewer non-compostable materials to sort out, composters can focus on their primary duty: producing high-quality compost.

For haulers and distributors, reducing contamination can lower the costs associated with handling and transporting contaminated loads.

For businesses and organizations committed to food waste reduction, adopting the CIRC program can contribute to a more sustainable waste management system. Restaurants, stadiums, and other venues that implement CIRC can enhance their reputation among environmentally conscious customers. Demonstrating a commitment to reducing waste and supporting composting efforts can attract and retain customers who value sustainability.

Composting Consortium: What advice would you give to brands, generators, haulers or composters who are struggling with contamination?

Eco-Products: Try using CIRC! To date, our program has been piloted at two locations: Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois and the University of Colorado, Boulder. In both instances, we’ve seen great results and dramatically reduced levels of contamination. We are calling on more stakeholders to utilize this free resource and are happy to support any organizations or businesses with the use and implementation of this tool.

Composting Consortium: What are your future plans for the CIRC program and how do you envision supporting the expansion of composting infrastructure?

Eco-Products:  We plan to expand our CIRC program this year by creating supplemental resources, including a check list for assessing operational contamination risk factors. By helping reduce contamination issues through CIRC, we aim to help create a pathway for compostable packaging to succeed as a solution for food scrap recovery.

Composting Consortium: What inspired you to join the Composting Consortium as a Material Innovation Partner?

Eco-Products: When we learned that the Composting Consortium launched a Material Innovation Platform last year, we knew we had to get involved. The Composting Consortium’s groundbreaking research and in-market testing over the last three years has paved the way for dialogues in this industry that are helping to move the needle for compostable packaging. In particular, the Disintegration Study was a game-changer for the industry—offering data and proof points on how certified compostable materials break down in compost piles. We’re excited to continue our partnership with the Composting Consortium because we believe that this initiative is uniquely positioned to scale food waste composting infrastructure, help solve for contamination and drive positive, lasting change for the industry.

New York, NY, March 11, 2025 – Today, Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy, in partnership with the U.S. Plastics Pact and its network of more than 120 businesses, retailers, not-for-profit organizations, government agencies and research institutions, released new insights to support the ongoing expansion of reuse in the U.S. The report, Getting Ready for Reuse in Retail: An Actionable Guide for Consumer Product Categories Most Likely to Succeed for Reuse in the U.S., identifies five high-priority product categories primed for near-term implementation of reusable packaging––including food, personal care, home care and more. This serves as a guide for businesses looking to pinpoint packaging formats best suited for reuse, to help meet single-use waste reduction goals.

The report is released at a time of increased scrutiny on the economic and environmental impact of single-use packaging in the U.S. Every day, 225,000 tons of single-use packaging are used in the U.S. Research and in-market tests over the last decade have shown the importance of reuse in recovering material value. However, implementing reuse requires significant shifts in operations and infrastructure, reverse logistics and consumer education. To advance a successful shift to reuse, it is critical to begin with categories that show the most immediate potential to meet intended environmental, operational and financial goals.

Retail stores––as central hubs of consumer interaction––are uniquely positioned to lead this transition to reuse. They can scale reuse systems that can transform the way Americans shop, while minimizing ecological impact. This study analyzed the 10 consumer product categories that account for over 90% of purchased packaged goods sold in U.S. grocery retail stores, and identified the top five retail categories best suited for near-term adoption of reuse:

• Prepared food packaging in retail, such as salad bars, snack bars and rotisserie chickens;
• Fresh produce containers, especially if pre-cut and packed locally and manually;
• Beverage bottles for localized supply chains like milk and dairy, leveraging legacy reusable packaging supply chains;
• Home care product bottles, such as liquid-based floor cleaners and detergents, which often are already in durable containers;
• Personal care product bottles, such as soaps and shampoos, especially if they can leverage similar return infrastructure as bottles from beverage or home care products.

The report delves into insights and opportunities within each category, including its potential to deliver environmental benefits, and achieve operational alignment and consumer acceptance.

“Reuse is at a pivotal point of development in the U.S. To get to the next phase of scale, it is critical to align concerted efforts around target categories,” said Kate Daly, Managing Partner and the Head of the Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners. “With collaborative and coordinated work that reimagines our supply chains across retail sectors, we can transform the way everyday products are used and recovered, paving the way to a future where reuse is an everyday norm in the U.S.”

Since 2018, the Center for the Circular Economy has been testing diverse reuse solutions in retail stores and restaurants across the U.S., in partnership with many of the world’s most influential organizations. In 2023, the Center wrapped its largest returnable bag program and bring your own bag program, led by the Consortium to Reinvent the Retail Bag. In 2024, the Center launched the Petaluma Reusable Cup Project, led by the NextGen Consortium. This was the nation’s first citywide program to offer reusable to-go cups to every customer with no deposits or fees. Since then, significant progress has been made to inform the design of systems that make reuse an everyday reality.

The Center began its collaboration with the U.S. Plastics Pact in 2023, engaging the customer bases of 16 reuse innovators participating in the U.S. Plastics Pact’s Reuse Catalyst Program, and studying early adopter behavior to discover five key insights on how reuse systems can be positioned to create the most appeal for consumers.

“Collaboration across the value chain is essential to addressing the complex challenge of plastic waste, as no single brand or retailer can drive systemic change alone,” said Jonathan Quinn, CEO of the U.S. Plastics Pact. “This research is an important step in exploring reuse as one strategy to reduce plastic waste, providing insights that can help advance collective action and support a range of scalable solutions.”

While this report highlights five retail product categories that are most primed for a near-term transition to reuse, other retail categories present opportunities for the long term. However, before scaling to other categories, it is important to begin with those primed for the switch, and gather insights to inform further implementation.

In the coming year, the Center will continue scaling reuse solutions through its in-market activations and research to make reuse an everyday reality in the U.S. Furthermore, as a direct result of this report, the U.S. Plastics Pact will launch a precompetitive initiative to facilitate brands and retailers in shifting one product category to reuse in retail.

Learn more about Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy here.

Learn more about the U.S. Plastics Pact here.

About the Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners

The Center for the Circular Economy is the innovation arm of Closed Loop Partners, a firm at the forefront of building the circular economy. The Center executes research and analytics, unites organizations to tackle complex material challenges and implements systemic change that advances the circular economy. The Center for the Circular Economy’s expertise spans circularity across the full lifecycle of materials, connecting upstream innovation to downstream recovery infrastructure and end markets.

Since 2018, the Center for the Circular Economy has worked with leading brands, retailers, reuse operators and public partners to innovate, test and scale diverse reusable packaging solutions in retail stores across the U.S.

Learn more about the Center for the Circular Economy at https://www.closedlooppartners.com/the-center/.

About the U.S. Plastics Pact

The U.S. Plastics Pact (U.S. Pact) brings together businesses, not-for-profit organizations (NGOs), government agencies, trade organizations, and research institutions that work together toward a common vision of a circular economy for plastics, as outlined by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s New Plastics Economy Initiative. This vision aims to ensure that plastics never become waste by eliminating the plastics we don’t need, innovating to ensure that the plastics we do need are reusable, recyclable, or compostable, and circulating all the plastic items we use to keep them in the economy and out of the environment.

The U.S. Pact’s latest strategic plan, Roadmap 2.0, includes a target dedicated solely to reuse. After publishing different resources, including Unpacking Customer Perspectives on Reusable Packaging, in partnership with the Center, and also the Design for Reuse Playbook and Reuse Policy Benchmark in the past year, the focus of this new target is to facilitate the enabling of reuse at different levels of the industry.

Learn more about the U.S. Plastics Pact at https://usplasticspact.org/.

NEW YORK, Feb. 19, 2025 — Today, Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy unveils major pioneering findings in a new report on small-format plastic packaging recovery. The report builds on over two years of market research and comprehensive recycling tests in partnership with Maybelline New York and its parent company, L’Oréal Groupe, bolstered by the support of additional partners Kraft Heinz, P&G and Target.

The findings reveal a viable pathway to recover tens of thousands of tons of valuable small materials––including plastics like polypropylene––from materials recovery facilities (MRFs) and glass recycling plants across the U.S. With the right equipment upgrades and reconfigurations, significant volumes of these materials can be successfully recycled instead of being lost to waste. For example, upgrading the glass screen—a type of material sorting equipment—at a MRF resulted in a 67% relative reduction in mid-to-large-sized “small” plastics contaminating the glass stream. Materials that would have otherwise been considered contaminants and discarded at the glass recycling plant are now effectively sorted and directed into appropriate bales for sale in the recycled materials market. These promising findings demonstrate the positive economic and environmental impact of recovering small-format packaging, catalyzing the launch of a new industry collaboration managed by Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy: the Consortium to Recover Small-Format Packaging.

Each year, consumers buy billions of products—beauty items, medications and food—packaged in small-format plastic that is difficult to recycle due to its size and other factors. Currently, most of this is discarded into trash bins, ending up in landfills or incinerators. The small fraction that does end up at recycling facilities often slips through sorting equipment due to its size, contaminating the glass stream and ultimately being sent to landfills. As brands work to meet waste reduction goals and achieve compliance with Extended Producer Responsibility legislation, the opportunity to capture previously unrecovered small-format plastic packaging can have a significant positive impact.

The Center for the Circular Economy conducted its research in collaboration with Circular Services, a Closed Loop Partners company. Circular Services operates over 20 MRFs across the U.S. and manages municipal contracts in major and rapidly growing cities, including New York City, Austin, San Antonio and Phoenix. With support from partners Maybelline New York and its parent company, L’Oréal Groupe, Kraft Heinz, P&G and Target, the Center conducted an extensive, in-field process to identify solutions for small-format packaging recovery. This included evaluating glass stream contamination at more than half a dozen MRFs across the U.S. The Center collected samples from two MRFs’ glass streams and one glass recycling plant’s residue streams; trialed equipment configurations to sort plastics from these streams; sent samples to reclaimers to test their processability and market value; and iterated this process multiple times.

The report highlights five key insights critical to the recovery of small-format packaging:

• Many small format plastic materials hold significant market value
• Logistical solutions already exist to handle them
• Current technologies can be adapted to effectively recover portions of them at MRFs and glass recycling plants
• Market demand for these materials is strong—especially from mechanical recyclers
• Targeted investment at recycling facilities is essential to build a compelling, scalable business case to recover smaller materials

These findings can apply to recycling facilities across the country, meaning tens of thousands of tons of plastics could be recovered annually, avoiding landfill and generating market value.

The Center for the Circular Economy’s new findings lay the necessary groundwork and provide the rigorous diligence needed for the creation of a new industry consortium, the Consortium for Small-Format Packaging Recovery. The Consortium is focused on advancing the recovery of small-format packaging by testing the Center’s latest findings in real-world scenarios across the U.S. The Center is inviting research-phase partners to join, while also expanding participation to brands across various sectors. This is a cross-industry challenge, as small-format packaging is used in beauty, pharmacy, foodservice, beverage, retail and beyond.

One next step to build upon the findings is investment in equipment and infrastructure upgrades for rigid small plastics recovery in the field. The Center for the Circular Economy anticipates a quantifiable tonnage of materials diverted from landfill, carbon emissions avoided and post-consumer recycled content generated. The Consortium will lead the establishment and engagement of a robust value chain for recovery of small materials, from recyclers, reclaimers, policymakers and more.

If your company is part of the small-format packaging value chain—whether as a manufacturer, brand owner or other stakeholder—and is interested in joining the Consortium to Recover Small-Format Packaging to advance collaboration, recycling infrastructure investments and policy for nationwide recovery, contact the Center for the Circular Economy here.

“We’re eager to put our findings to the test and, through the Consortium to Recover Small-Format Packaging, deploy equipment and infrastructure upgrades to drive real-world proof-of-concepts in the field. It’s critical that we advance solutions to recover valuable small-format materials, like polypropylene, that otherwise typically end up in landfill. This is inherently a cross-industry challenge, as small-format packaging is used in beauty, pharmacy, foodservice, beverage, retail and beyond. We’re inviting our research-phase partners and brands across various sectors to join the Consortium and help address an urgent waste challenge.” Kate Daly, Managing Partner, Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy

“L’Oréal is excited to partner with Closed Loop Partners to develop innovative solutions for recovering packaging materials, reducing waste and creating opportunities in a fragmented national recycling infrastructure. Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy provides practical and scalable approaches for recovering small-format plastics that end up in landfills. We believe scaling these innovations will improve the recyclability of plastic and create a viable end-market for our materials.” Marissa Pagnani McGowan – Chief Sustainability Officer, North America for L’Oréal Groupe

“As the number one makeup brand in the world, we have a responsibility to create the most sustainable makeup life cycle possible. Most makeup packaging is too small to be recycled, it literally falls through the cracks at recycling facilities. That’s why it was so important to partner with Closed Loop Partners’ Center for Circular Economy to pioneer solutions for small-format recycling and to help us and the beauty industry accelerate our sustainable transformation. We look forward to making progress together.” Trisha Ayyagari, Global Brand President, Maybelline New York

“At Kraft Heinz, we know collaboration is the key to unlocking solutions for the future of packaging. We are proud to partner with Closed Loop Partners on this groundbreaking research to advance packaging solutions, improve end-of-life recovery and enhance critical infrastructure. By working together, we can drive meaningful change and create a more sustainable future for food.” Linda Roman, Director of Packaging R&D and North America R&D Fellow, Kraft Heinz

About Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy

The Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners is a trusted innovation and research hub, partnering with the world’s most influential organizations to solve their toughest material challenges.

As part of Closed Loop Partners’ platform, the Center identifies solutions, tests them in real-world settings and scales what works—transforming bold ideas into actionable, scalable strategies. Over the past seven years, the Center has led groundbreaking projects that reshape industries and redefine sustainability.

Learn more about the Center at closedlooppartners.com/thecenter.

Much has been written about why life cycle assessments (LCAs) matter––their role in helping companies choose between different materials and packaging formats, their ability to measure the climate impact of business decisions, even their ability to help evaluate environmental risks of new solutions. 

But the reality is, LCAs can become complex very quickly. They usually involve a multitude of assumptions and data––from the origins of materials (cradle) to how they are transported through complicated supply chains, all the way to how they are disposed of (grave) or recovered via reuse or recycling.  

Yet if navigated thoughtfully, LCAs are packed with a wealth of information for creating data-backed packaging strategies that contribute to waste reduction goals and advance positive climate impacts.  

Here, we share 8 tips to help brands navigate the most critical aspects of any packaging emissions analysis: 

1. Focus on the biggest drivers of impact: New materials often account for the majority of emissions. Keeping packaging in circulation for longer––thus avoiding the need for new materials––is a key driver to reduce the climate impact of packaging. For reusable containers, the return rate, and the associated number of uses tied to it, is the most critical factor to drive down packaging emissions. When one LCA assumes that a reusable container is used on average 100 times (99% return rate) and another assumes 2 times (50% return rate), emission outcomes will vary widely. 
2. Put some weight behind the weight of your packaging: Lightweighting is generally the lowest hanging fruit opportunity for companies to reduce their packaging impact. But there’s only so much a product can be lightweighted before this impacts its performance and recyclability. Today, new lightweighting innovations enable durability while not compromising on high packaging quality, functionality and recyclability, opening more opportunities for reduced emissions. 
3. Account for all distances of transportation, including transport to landfill: In the U.S., virgin materials usually travel hundreds, if not thousands, of miles from production sites to their point of sale. Materials that end up in landfill also travel hundreds of miles from point of consumption to their grave (over 500 miles on average in the case of New York City), but distances traveled to landfill are often overlooked in LCA analyses.  
4. Give thought to the food waste that packaging may carry to landfills: Food waste in food packaging decays over time and, in the absence of oxygen, creates methane in landfills. Methane, a greenhouse gas, is 28 times more potent than CO2 in trapping atmospheric heat. Any packaging system, such as reusable or compostable options, that serve as a vehicle to properly dispose of (i.e., compost) food scraps, and keep them out of landfills, has significantly reduced emissions compared to current single-use packaging systems. 
5. Consider the difference between recycling and use of recycled content: The GHG Protocol has two methods for calculating recycling emissions. One method benefits packaging that uses recycled content; the other benefits products that are recycled at end-of-life. Since we need both things to be true to create a truly circular economy, focus on designing packaging that meets both criteria. For LCAs, consider using an average of both calculations. 
6. Don’t discount impact through incineration: The emissions impact of incineration is left out of many LCAs. In today’s carbon accounting protocols, incineration emissions (i.e., the energy produced from incineration) are accounted for in their next product, thus burning packaging after use does not add to the emissions of that piece of packaging. While this can seem to provide a discount towards packaging emissions, this is not a circular strategy as valuable packaging materials are lost instead of kept in circulation. 
7. Assess the implication of clean grids: Switching to clean energy is an immediate opportunity to reduce packaging emissions. However, when analyzing the impact of clean grids, remember to apply the benefits of lower manufacturing and transportation emissions to incumbent materials and processes as well.   
8. Remember that infrastructure assets do not impact emissions directly: Emissions associated with bins, machines and other capital infrastructure are not typically included in packaging LCAs, based on the GHG Protocol. Incumbent solutions like landfilling have infrastructure associated with them as well, and are not included in LCAs, so new infrastructure for future solutions should be held to the same standard as existing infrastructure.

LCAs are just one datapoint within the larger equation 

When implementing any packaging solution, emissions are just one part of the equation—packaging decisions affect our planet beyond their climate impact. Waste generated, water usage, biodiversity loss, social and human health risks are all critical aspects to be assessed for a responsible and sustainable circular packaging strategy. 

We hope these LCA tips help packaging designers and decision makers make more holistic analyses, leading to greener packaging innovation.

Get in touch with Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy at [email protected] to dive deeper into packaging emissions and to collaborate on designing, testing and scaling circular packaging solutions.  

Findings are based on the Center for the Circular Economy’s proprietary LCA model. A special thank you to our partners at Columbia University for their contributions to this work. 

In your own words, tell us about your composting facility and process.  

Syed Dong, Black Earth: Black Earth Compost is a curbside compost service for households, businesses, municipalities and schools in Eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Hampshire, as well as a compost manufacturer. As a site foreman, I operate a hybrid system of aerated static piles and windrows. This is a system of composting that involves forcing air through the piles from pipes underneath then periodically turning piles of compost––also known as windrows. I encourage forced aeration when possible, as it allows for more vector control and has faster processing times than traditional windrow. We accept both food and compostable plastic and fiber products. All materials get tipped inside a receiving building with below grade aeration and blended right away with carbon. After a week or two, it goes onto an above grade pipe system for six weeks then onto curing windrows for two months.  

Nathan Reinbold, Glacial Ridge: Glacial Ridge Composting Facility is a regional multi-county composting operation in Minnesota, owned and operated by Pope/Douglas Solid Waste Management. We utilize a covered aerated static pile system designed by Engineered Compost Systems (ECS) to manage the organics stream. We built the facility so that it can be expanded over time to meet a growing need. About 6,500 tons per year of source-separated organics are anticipated to be processed once the composting facility has been fully built out. Partnerships were formed with Pope, Douglas, Grant, Stevens and Otter Tail counties to utilize the facility. Finished compost is sold to landscapers and for youth and civic fundraiser events––called Plate to Garden compost! 

Why did you decide to accept food scraps and compostable packaging at your facility?  

Black Earth: Accepting both food and compostable products enables us to further address the organics waste crisis that is looming over the nation. Food is a valuable resource that must be recovered, and accepting compostable products helps us recover more of it. By processing both food and compostable products, we can also be a resource to the community by offering material that builds quality soil. 

Glacial Ridge: We conduct facility waste composition studies every 5 years as part of our permit process. From this study, we found that a significant portion of our delivered regional multi-county municipal solid waste consisted of food scraps and compostable fiber. We decided to develop an organics collection pilot in 2017, and it has now grown to include a number of regional counties participating with a full-scale commercial composting facility that opened in 2022. 

How have you adapted or improved your operations to make food-contact compostable packaging work for your process, while still creating a high-quality finished compost? 

Black Earth: There are a lot of great benefits that can be unlocked by accepting compostable products, but more work needs to be done so that non-compostable products don’t also end up in our facility.  Currently, machines play a role in controlling the contamination that comes in from conventional plastic products that end up in our facilities because they look like compostable products.* Adding a vacuum has been helpful in combating this issue.  

Glacial Ridge: We found that the covered aerated static pile composting process to be very user-friendly for managing the compostable packaging part of the organics stream. All composting facilities in Minnesota adhere to and accept only foodservice packaging that is BPI-certified compostable.** This helps to take the guesswork out of being able to accept compostable packaging and to communicate to customers to only use BPI-certified packaging in order to reduce or eliminate contamination and additional processing costs or processes. 

*The Composting Consortium’s research shows that contamination is a challenge for most composters, regardless of their material acceptance policies, business model or size. Moreover, conventional plastic constitutes 85% of the incoming contamination that composters receive—highlighting how important it is to rid look-alikes from the system. For more details, read our report here.  

**Glacial Ridge Composting Facility accepts BPI-certified compostable packaging. The Biodegradable Products Institute (BPI) is a leading certification body, alongside other certification bodies in the composting industry, such as the Compost Manufacturing Alliance.  

How has accepting food-contact compostable packaging brought value to your business and your community?  

Black Earth: So many stakeholders need to be involved and aligned to successfully accept and process certified compostable products that bring value to the composting stream. Since Black Earth Composting is a collection and hauling company, as well as a compost manufacturer, accepting compostable bin liners has made the job of servicing bins easy for our customers and truck drivers. This opens the door to folks that previously saw separating food scraps as messy. Also, this leads to driver retention by making the job a little easier. 

Glacial Ridge: Accepting feedstocks, over and beyond only food scraps and napkins, allows Glacial Ridge to be customer and user-friendly. Accepting only BPI-certified compostable packaging allows easier adoption of organics recycling programs and opportunities to divert more food scraps from the waste stream. We also administer a zero waste events program where we connect BPI-compostable packaging and specialized color coded event bins, that are monitored by volunteer/VTO ‘Waste Warriors’, with large scale and community-based events to divert food scraps from the waste stream in a very visible and educational manner to create additional buy-in and acceptance from stakeholders. 

Any words of advice to fellow composters who are considering accepting food scraps and compostable packaging?  

Black Earth: Don’t be afraid of compostable packaging. Education goes a long way and unlocks new opportunities for the composting business and for broader organics circulation! Start small and educate, educate, educate. While it comes with challenges now, compostable products will continue to play a growing role in replacing single-use conventional plastic and have the potential to replace much of the current contamination we see, and bring in more food to composting facilities. Get ready for it. 

Glacial Ridge: I recommend that composters work closely with their state chapter of the USCC. In 2023, the Minnesota Composting Council worked to pass a compostable labeling bill. The purpose of this new law was to reduce misleading product claims, reduce confusion among residents, food establishments and more on what products are accepted for composting. The overarching intention was to reduce contamination at compost facilities resulting in them manufacturing a cleaner, more sellable product. We also recommend utilizing professionally-designed color-coded educational materials to be used on organics carts, dumpsters, roll-offs and inside intermediate collection bins––both public-facing and back of house––that include mention of BPI certification for compostable packaging as the gold standard to reduce confusion and lower contamination concerns. 

What is your organization’s role in the composting industry?  

Compost Manufacturing Alliance (CMA):  CMA field tests compostable packaging disintegration and reviews acceptance criteria for some of the largest composting facilities in the U.S. and Canada. Our published list of certified and accepted compostable products includes a significant percentage of compostables throughout North America, with over 5,000 unique, individual products certified or approved from hundreds of global manufacturers. CMA originated from composter-led efforts to address the challenge of some certified compostable packaging not breaking down in the compost process. In 2007, Cedar Grove started a field testing program to develop lists of accepted compostables for its municipal partners and commercial clients, which became nationally recognized. In 2016, CMA’s founder, Susan Thoman, expanded Cedar Grove’s program nationwide, partnering with five large compost facilities. Today, CMA aims to ensure compostable packaging disintegrates properly, protecting composter and packaging manufacturers’ investments and preventing landfill waste.   

Compostable Field Testing Program (CFTP): CFTP supports composters with methods and test kits to field test compostable product disintegration at their sites. We then collect and open source the resulting data, including both product disintegration and compost operating conditions. As an international, nonprofit research platform, we look to understand how compostable products break down in real-world conditions. Founded in 2016 by the Compost Research & Education Foundation and BSIbio, our origins begin in 2013 working with university partners to refine and pilot the US Composting Council’s (USCC’s) original “mesh bag” field test method and create a new “dose” method for sites where a bag won’t work.  

Composting Consortium (CC): The Composting Consortium, managed by Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy, conducts in-market tests and in-depth research to support the industry in advancing composting infrastructure and the recovery and processing of food-contact compostable packaging and food scraps in the U.S.  We launched in 2021, bringing together leading voices across the composting and compostable packaging value chain––from the world’s leading brands to best-in-class composters running the operations on the ground.  

Why is field testing compostable packaging important? 

CFTP: Composters can only accept compostable packaging if they know that these materials will truly break down and not negatively impact their end product––healthy compost! Biodegradation testing, which happens in a lab environment, is important. It proves that an item is really getting converted at a molecular level by microbial activity. But disintegration testing to see compostable products visibly breaking down is equally important. Field testing compostable packaging is a way to bridge between lab results and real-world disintegration in actual industrial and commercial settings. 

CMA: It’s critical to building trust in the composting industry. Many of today’s largest facilities must use technology that works for an evolving list of feedstocks, including post-consumer food scraps. These are different systems than what was used in the beginning years of yard waste and pre-consumer food scrap composting. Commercial composting and compostable packaging have evolved significantly and are continually improving. It’s true that lab standards are now only one step in confirming product safety and disintegration in various composting systems. Products must be proven to break down in facilities to ensure they are not treated as contaminants and end up in landfills. 

 CC: Compostable packaging is a promising innovation for diverting food waste from landfills to composting facilities, but to be successful, infrastructure must be willing and able to process these materials. Prior to 2024, limited public information existed on the performance of compostable packaging, and we’re glad to see that is changing. Data from field testing replaces anecdotes with data that can drive discussions, decisions and policymaking that will shape a more resilient future for the composting and compostable packaging industries.

What are some of your key findings thus far? 

CMA: Contrary to common belief, biopolymers generally disintegrate well in composting. Fiber-based products do not disintegrate as well as biopolymers overall, although compost manufacturers are more comfortable taking in fibers because bioplastics often resemble traditional plastics and are often sorted into the organics bin by mistake. We are also narrowing down the composting conditions that most affect product disintegration. While time is certainly a factor, it is not necessarily conclusive. The interaction between time, moisture, carbon to nitrogen ratio and agitation is complex and dynamic. Our data suggests that no single variable can be considered the key to successfully breaking down compostable products. Each variable within this set of acceptable conditions––such as moisture, carbon to nitrogen, bulk density––affects other variables.   

CC: Our report features our top 10 findings, and to be even more succinct, we can boil it down to three key takeaways. First, certified food-contact compostable packaging breaks down effectively at commercial composting facilities that meet reasonable operating parameters––such as moisture, water and temperature––as defined by the Composting Handbook. We collaborated with composters to collect daily and weekly pile readings within these parameters. Second, compostable plastic and fiber packaging met field-testing thresholds for disintegration, achieving 80% and 90% thresholds at the material category level, as per CMA’s standards. Lastly, fiber packaging disintegration improves with mechanical or manual agitation and consistent moisture levels above 50%. For more details, read our report here.  

CFTP: Our data shows us that composter acceptance is more complex than just whether a material will disintegrate or not––contamination mitigation, and the role of materials in the composting process play an important part. The results for fiber products always surprise folks; both lined and unlined fiber products––such as “food-soiled paper”––don’t tend to break down as quickly as we might expect, despite their widespread acceptance. On the other hand, biopolymers consistently prove to break down better than what is anecdotally reported in the field. In either case, tests across different technologies––like windrow and aerated static pile––have shown that the operating conditions have to be right for the products to break down. Temperature and moisture have the most significant impacts. The right conditions vary by material, and these conditions apply regardless of technology. Our new online Results Dashboard allows visitors to view how different materials perform, in different facility types and under different conditions.  

Where have you seen opportunities for further collaboration or joint work?  

CMA: Research in this space is vitally important, but funding for research is scant. Pooling resources to fund, design and conduct research can move the composting and compostable products industries forward faster and more efficiently than any one entity can alone. Conversations, like this one, can shed light on different stakeholders’ perspectives and where we can find common ground. From that common ground, we can each use our own platforms to dispel misperceptions that often lead to bad policy and thwart true progress.  

CFTP: Although disintegration trends appear similar across data sets, there are tangible differences in methodology between different testing groups that could benefit from standardization. Creating a collaborative industry standard for field testing could result in more reliable testing and more comparable data between tests.   We’ve been collaborating to standardize methods since 2021 under ASTM International, one body which published lab-based disintegration and compostability testing and labeling standards in the 1990s.   

CC: Given the key insights that are similar across our organizations, working together to educate composters, policymakers, and packaging manufacturers and brands on the topic of field testing can help expand end-of-life options for compostable materials and close the loop on food waste. We’re really proud of the way our teams are collaborating already! We are all contributing to the development of an ASTM field testing standard, and our team will donate data to developing this method, like we have to CFTP for the launch of its open-source database.  

Any final thoughts? 

CFTP: Compost operations are as unique as fingerprints, and even a single composter using the same technology will experience a range of operating conditions––such as temperature and moisture––season-to-season or pile-to-pile. Pursuing research on field testing results that correlate to operating conditions is going to help move the needle on understanding compostable packaging, and help composters feel confident in accepting these products, without having to test every product themselves. Importantly, field testing alone can’t solve the challenges facing the circular economy for food scraps and compostable packaging. An aligned and science-based approach that ties policy, systems and technology together is essential, and it’s for this that the CFTP’s non-profit and open-source approach is designed.​     ​ 

CMA: CMA continues to hold a space to connect product designers with compost manufacturers. When we collectively work manufacturer-to-manufacturer, we have a much more efficient way to address the disintegration performance of materials in real world systems. Working together, we can explore the relationship between product constituencies and pile science. Continued collaboration around field disintegration testing and settling on a method, and then a standard, within the ASTM D34 committee, can harmonize research efforts and provide all stakeholders with greater clarity and focus for the future.  

CC: Our team has launched several new programs to engage packaging manufacturers, composters and municipalities (cities and counties) to scale infrastructure, and we welcome a conversation with these groups about the results of our disintegration study. If you want to learn more about how we’re supporting the scale up of composting infrastructure, please reach out to Caroline Barry at [email protected].  

Learn more about how field testing works below! 

How do you test the disintegration of certified compostable packaging?  

CMA: The “mesh bag” method has been central to CMA’s composter-centered testing for nearly 20 years. Samples are marked, placed in mesh bags, and layered within a freshly made compost pile at a commercial facility. What makes our testing distinct is that CMA retrieves the mesh bags at the end of the active cycle, as opposed to the end of the curing phase. This means that the bags are extracted, cooled and dried, then our field technicians sift each bag and samples are sent to the lab for further processing. CMA evaluates visual disintegration, which aligns to compost manufacturers’ concerns about visual contamination in their end-product. Our thresholds to “pass” CMA’s field-testing criteria for certification are based on composters’ perspectives. Fiber-based remnants in finished compost are generally considered less problematic than plastic remnants because fiber-based remnants will often continue to disintegrate after active composting, just as they do in ambient conditions. Compostable biopolymers, on the other hand, may or may not continue to disintegrate after active composting and can look like conventional plastic in the finished product. Thus, compostable biopolymers must show >90% disintegration to pass while fiber-based products must show >80% disintegration.  

CC: Our disintegration study tested over 23,000 units of fiber and compostable plastic packaging, making it the largest field test of certified compostable packaging in North America. All products and packaging tested in our pilot were either BPI-certified or in the process of certification. This intentional choice ensured no harmful chemicals, such as PFAS, were deliberately introduced into the composting process.  We trialed both the mesh bag method and the dose method.  Disintegration was measured by percentage reduction in weight and surface area at Day ~47 and at the end of the curing phase. The compostable packaging remained in the compost piles for 49 to 94 days, depending on the facility’s technology. A distinct aspect of our study is the level of data and detail we’ve obtained on composting parameters––such as temperature, moisture and more––alongside disintegration results, which were assessed both in-field and in-lab. Compost operators tracked daily pile temperature, weekly moisture and oxygen readings, and periodically measured bulk density, pH, carbon to nitrogen ratios, compost maturity, and stability. This comprehensive data collection allowed us to correlate the composting conditions with the disintegration performance of the packaging, providing valuable insights into the effectiveness of different composting processes.  

CFTP: Most field tests we’ve coordinated have used the ‘mesh bag’ method, where several different items are packed with compost feedstock into a large mesh bag. The bag is tracked along with operating conditions like temperature, moisture and compost maturity, throughout the full composting process, both active composting and curing. At the end of the test, the material in the bag is sifted. Residuals from the test items are extracted and analyzed to measure disintegration by both weight and surface area. We provide a baseline test kit with the same test items across all tests, so we can better see the impact operating conditions have on disintegration. We also developed the “dose” method, similar to the mesh bag method, but with test items loosely piled instead of bagged. More details are available on the CFTP’s results dashboard and website as of fall 2024! 

How do your approaches to field testing align or differ from the other groups here? What should stakeholders understand about the differences and similarities in your approaches? 

CMA: Cedar Grove Composting’s initial method has been widely adopted, leading to similar mesh bag techniques across organizations. However, CMA has refined its approach, using Ingeo™ PLA as the primary control due to its consistent disintegration in all composting processes. Office paper is also used, though its disintegration varies. CMA avoids the “bulk dose” or open pile method, which places samples directly into the pile. Despite logistical challenges, this method may evolve with continued use. CMA tests products in “real world” scenarios with no pre-shredding or pre-treatment of samples, and only tests disintegration during the active composting phase, unlike other tests that extend into the curing phase, and/or may use pre-shredded or pre-treated samples. Certification requires evaluation after the active phase because some composters screen materials between these phases. Products without additional curing are screened out and reprocessed or sent to the landfill. CMA extends studies through the curing phase upon request but bases certification on active phase results to align with typical composting practices. 

CFTP: As a non-profit project, the Compostable Field Testing Program’s activities are funded by grants and donations, both financial and in-kind. The CFTP is committed to open-sourcing the data it collects in as much detail as possible, while honoring our commitment to anonymizing facility’s operating data. CFTP is rooted in collaboration between organizations supporting the circular economy and science-based research to advance industry and inform policy, evidenced by our founding partners BSIbio and CREF, and in providing advisory and implementation services for the Composting Consortium’s Disintegration Study. This model has kept the program grounded in science and problem solving, supported by forward thinking organizations. Also, relative to other field testing initiatives which tend to focus on larger–scale facilities, the CFTP aims to make field testing accessible to composters of all sizes, from community-scale to the largest commercial-scale facilities.  

CC: Since our start, the Consortium has aimed to be additive in the field of compostable packaging testing, collaborating with several of our partners including CMA, CFTP and CREF along the way. We were the first group to trial the still-developing ASTM field testing method, where both CFTP and CMA participate. We have donated data to CFTP to support the public launch of their open-source database, and we belong to international collaborations to share insights about our experience field testing compostables. One key difference in our approach is that we measured disintegration at 2 points of the compost process (Day 47 and at the end of curing). This means we may have pulled the mesh bags or packaging from the compost piles later than other field testing groups. We also did not test packaging with the intention of passing or failing any one product. We’ve collected as much data as we have with the intention of applying it to support best management practices for composers who want to accept these materials. While we will not carry out more field tests in the next two years—CMA and CFTP have that covered—we intend to work with the USCC to integrate our findings to update best management practices for composters who accept these materials. 

USA & CANADA, October 21, 2024: The Compostable Field Testing Program (CFTP) and Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy are pleased to announce the launch of the CFTP’s much-anticipated data-sharing website, offering public access to detailed results from compostable packaging field testing over the last decade, through a dynamic interactive dashboard.

The CFTP’s new platform allows users to explore compostable product disintegration data with an unprecedented level of detail, helping composters, policymakers, regulatory agencies, brands, packaging manufacturers, researchers and consumers evaluate the potential of and opportunities for compostable packaging, and advance the practice of field testing.

The launch of the database is made possible through data donated from the Composting Consortium, an industry collaboration managed by Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy. This data comes from the Consortium’s groundbreaking study in 2023 which analyzed the disintegration of over 23,000 units of compostable packaging in the largest known field test of certified, food-contact compostable packaging conducted in North America. The CFTP provided support on field testing methodology, logistics and data analysis for this study. They also provided test items from their baseline sample kit, unlocking a larger sample set for data collection.

Data donated from the Consortium allowed CFTP to hit its critical anonymization threshold to open-source field testing data collected over the last decade. This marks a milestone for the composting industry, filling a historical data gap on compostable packaging disintegration in-field and providing access to a necessary baseline to inform improved recovery.

“The Composting Consortium’s goal is to support the recovery of compostable packaging, ensuring that the material disintegrates in real world conditions and brings value to composters and the organics stream. Field testing compostable packaging plays a key role in achieving this goal, and was a top priority for the Consortium in 2023, alongside characterizing contamination at compost sites,” says Caroline Barry, Program Manager at Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy. “CFTP played an instrumental role in the success of our disintegration study, and we’re thrilled to share data for their platform, providing the industry with insights that help move the needle on compostable packaging recovery.”

“We had to hit a critical threshold of data and repeated testing under certain conditions to be able to publish the data we’ve been collecting over the last 10 years,” says Emily McGill, Program Director of the Compostable Field Testing Program. “Now, with the data from the Composting Consortium’s disintegration study, we have not only more product disintegration data, but more results on the composters’ operating conditions that provide a crucial link to understanding product breakdown and refining field test methods.”

The collaboration between the organizations has enabled both to share valuable insights into the factors that affect compostable product breakdown, offering practical data to support better product design, composting practices and regulatory standards. The impacts of the Composting Consortium’s disintegration study extend beyond this initial data release. The Composting Consortium recently launched its Composter Innovator Program and Municipal Partner Platform, sharing insights and enabling collaboration to advance the circularity of food waste composting and food-contact compostable packaging.

Later this year, the CFTP will be releasing its refined methods for field testing and a field report, providing more valuable analysis and insights to inform thoughtful compostable packaging development and recovery in the U.S. and Canada.

Explore the Website

Visit the new website for key takeaways of the field testing results and to explore the interactive dashboard at compostabletesting.org.

Media Contacts:

Emily McGill, Program Director, Compostable Field Testing Program

[email protected]

Bea Miñana, Communications Director, Closed Loop Partners

[email protected]

About the Compostable Field Testing Program

The Compostable Field Testing Program is a non-profit research initiative dedicated to providing methods and materials to conduct field testing to composters across North America and beyond. Operating since 2016 as a collaborative venture between Compost Research & Education Foundation and its partner BSIbio, the CFTP provides a standard test kit and a customizable protocol for the common ‘mesh bag method’. When participating facilities share back their results, this data is collected by the CFTP, aggregated and anonymized for eventual public release in an online database. By helping composters evaluate and report on the real-world performance of compostable products, the program provides valuable data to support sustainable product development and composting practices.

About the Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners

Closed Loop Partners is a firm at the forefront of building the circular economy. The company is comprised of three key business segments. Closed Loop Capital Management manages venture capital, buyout and catalytic private credit investment strategies on behalf of global corporations, financial institutions and family offices. Closed Loop Builders is an operating group that incubates, builds and scales circular economy infrastructure and services. The Center for the Circular Economy (‘the Center’) is the innovation arm of Closed Loop Partners. The Center executes research and analytics, unites organizations to tackle complex material challenges and implement systemic change that advances the circular economy. The Center’s expertise spans circularity across the full lifecycle of materials, connecting upstream innovation to downstream recovery infrastructure and end markets. Learn more about the Center’s work at https://www.closedlooppartners.com/the-center/

About the Composting Consortium

The Composting Consortium, managed by the Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners, is a multi-year industry collaboration on a mission to build a world where organics are kept in circulation. The Consortium advances composting infrastructure and the recovery and processing of food-contact compostable packaging and food scraps in the U.S., to reduce food waste and mitigate climate impact. The Consortium brings together leading voices across the composting and compostable packaging value chain––from the world’s leading brands to best-in-class composters running the operations on the ground. Through in-market tests, deep research and industry-wide collaboration, the Consortium is laying the groundwork for a more robust, resilient composting system that can keep food waste and compostable packaging in circulation. For more information, please visit www.closedlooppartners.com/composting-consortium/

October 23, 2024, New York, NY — Today, the Consortium to Reinvent the Retail Bag, an industry collaboration managed by Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy, announced a renewed collaboration with many of the world’s leading retailers, expanding its groundbreaking work to eliminate single-use bag waste.

Retailers Target, CVS Health, The Kroger Co., Dollar Tree, Family Dollar, Meijer and Walmart are renewing their long-standing commitment in the Consortium, focusing on implementing more sustainable and convenient solutions to eliminate single-use retail bag waste. Building on four years of collaborative work and extensive in-market tests and research, this strengthened commitment will allow the Consortium to continue scaling proven bag waste reduction strategies.

Highlighting the successes of the last four years and charting a path forward for potential impact, the Consortium is also releasing a new report, Sparking a National Culture Shift to Reduce Plastic Bag Waste. The report shares findings from the Consortium’s largest in-market reusable bag tests in 2023, which spanned 160 retailers and 375+ stores of all sizes across Denver, Colorado and Tucson, Arizona. Through the tests, retail stores encouraged consumers to develop the habit of bringing their bag or opting to go without one, resulting in nearly 5% fewer single-use plastic bag transactions. This equated to the potential elimination of up to 9.5 million bags annually across the two test geographies, demonstrating the impact of supporting customers at different stages of their journey to reuse a bag or go without one.

Read the full report

The findings from the Consortium’s 2023 in-market tests serve as a blueprint for the Consortium’s upcoming work to scale bag waste reduction strategies. By acting together to advance solutions that support customers and avoid waste, the Consortium aims to achieve positive environmental impact and minimize unintended consequences.

“100 billion single-use plastic bags are used in the U.S. every year. From the Consortium to Reinvent the Retail Bag’s work over the last four years, we know that retailer collaboration and customer engagement are critical to making single-use bag waste a thing of the past. The Consortium is proud to bring retail industry leaders together in a renewed commitment to making circular strategies a reality on the ground. As we expand from ideation to implementation of solutions that support customers and reduce single-use bag waste, we aim to drive a cultural change toward reduction and reuse,” says Kate Daly, Managing Director and Head of the Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners.

The Consortium’s continued collaboration signals the collective commitment of many retail industry leaders to implement tested solutions that move the needle toward zero waste goals and the importance of working together to achieve these. As policy around bags gains momentum in the U.S. and new solutions are needed to address the single-use bag waste crisis, the Consortium will share legislative best practices gathered from its holistic assessment and continue identifying, testing and implementing new innovative solutions.

“We are proud of the shared progress achieved with the Consortium and across the retail industry over the past four years, meeting shoppers where they are with accessible, adoptable alternatives to single-use plastic bags,” said Agata Ramallo Garcia, vice president, head of enterprise sustainability at Target. “The partnerships we continue to forge through the Consortium demonstrate the power and need for collaboration in order to innovate and scale solutions that will meaningfully reduce single-use plastic bag waste.”

“Reducing single-use bag impacts is a positive step for both the environment and our health,” said Jenny McColloch, vice president of sustainability and community impact at CVS Health. “We are excited to move forward with the next phase of work with the Consortium and come together to drive innovation across our sectors, especially as packaging policies continue to evolve and consumer experiences vary from retailer to retailer.”

“We believe that learning and working collaboratively is the best way to reduce the number of single-use plastic bags in the U.S.,” said Lisa Zwack, Head of Sustainability at The Kroger Co. “By assembling a number of major retailers in the initial phase of this work, the Consortium laid a foundation for innovation and systems change. We look forward to extending this collective effort to create more circular, waste-free systems that support our customers and our stores.”

With deepened collaboration and reach across the retail industry, the Consortium is poised to scale bag waste reduction and reuse strategies that enable behavior change and support a broader cultural shift to eliminate single-use bag waste.

Retailers of all sizes are invited to join the Consortium’s multi-year collaboration to engage their customers and communities, advance their sustainability goals and co-create a waste-free retail future.

Interested in learning more about the Consortium to Reinvent the Retail Bag? Learn more here.

Interested in reading the Consortium’s latest report? Visit here.

About the Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners

The Center for the Circular Economy is the innovation arm of Closed Loop Partners, a firm at the forefront of building the circular economy. The Center executes research and analytics, unites organizations to tackle complex material challenges and implements systemic change that advances the circular economy. The Center for the Circular Economy’s expertise spans circularity across the full lifecycle of materials, connecting upstream innovation to downstream recovery infrastructure and end markets. Learn more about the Center for the Circular Economy at closedlooppartners.com/the-center/

About the Consortium to Reinvent the Retail Bag

The Beyond the Bag Initiative, launched by the Consortium to Reinvent the Retail Bag, aims to identify, pilot and implement viable design solutions and models that more sustainably serve the purpose of the current retail bag. Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy manages the Consortium, with Target, CVS Health and The Kroger Co. as Strategic Leads, and Dollar Tree, Family Dollar, Meijer and Walmart as Supporting Partners. Learn more about the Consortium here.

July 9, 2024, Petaluma, CA –– Starbucks, The Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, Peet’s Coffee, Yum! Brands and other global and local brands and restaurants are partnering in The Petaluma Reusable Cup Project from the NextGen Consortium, led by the Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners, to activate an unprecedented collaboration to drive reuse. Starting August 5, more than 30 restaurants in the City of Petaluma, CA, will swap their single-use cups for to-go reusable cups to all customers at no cost, and widespread return points will also be available across the city. This program marks a significant milestone for reuse, as the first initiative of its kind that makes reusable to-go cups the default option across multiple restaurants in a U.S. city, with the opportunity to drive more customers to reuse and displace hundreds of thousands of single-use cups.

The Petaluma Reusable Cup Project is focused on supporting customers to create return habits, a key factor to the success of reuse. The city-wide initiative is a critical step forward to catalyze and scale reuse systems, building on half a decade of work by the NextGen Consortium––a collaboration managed by the Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners, in partnership with many global foodservice brands.

The mix of large national chains, local independent restaurants, convenience stores, community hubs and public locations makes this initiative distinctly powerful in shaping consumer habits and cultural norms. More than 30 restaurants in the City of Petaluma will be participating in the initiative, including Starbucks and licensed Starbucks cafés in Target and in Safeway, owned by Albertsons Companies; Peet’s Coffee; KFC and The Habit Burger Grill, owned by Yum!; Dunkin’; as well as many local cafés and restaurants. The initiative was made possible through extensive public-private collaboration, with support and engagement from the City of Petaluma, Zero Waste Sonoma, Recology, community groups and local businesses.

“It takes an entire community to build the future of reuse that we want to see,” says Michael Kobori, Starbucks chief sustainability officer. “Our environmental promise is core to our business and that’s why we’re working toward a future vision of every Starbucks beverage served in a reusable cup. Together with fellow foodservice brands, local stores and community stakeholders, we’re leading this initiative to help further unlock behavior change toward reusables, making it easy for our customers, and any customer, to choose to reuse and reduce waste.”

Across the U.S., 50 billion single-use cups are purchased and disposed of each year. Most of these cups are used out of a restaurant and disposed of at home, work or school, with an average lifespan of less than one hour before going to waste, according to the Center for the Circular Economy’s research. While reuse is growing quickly, use of personal cups and existing takeaway reusable cup systems still face low adoption or low returns. For reuse to scale responsibly, it’s imperative to create an easy and enjoyable consumer experience that makes it easy for customers to remember to bring their own containers or to return one that was given to them.

“To create a world without packaging waste, we need to ensure that food packaging reuse systems are scaled in a way that creates a positive environmental impact––meeting the current needs of people while driving a cultural shift toward reuse,” says Kate Daly, Managing Director and Head of the Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners. “By testing reuse across an entire city in partnership with key stakeholders from the community and industry, we can scale reuse collaboratively through thoughtful experimentation, building a future where reuse is the norm.”

The City of Petaluma, CA, located in the northern Bay Area, was selected for the initiative for many reasons. In this region, businesses and consumers are receptive to adopting reuse, given the policy environment promoting the phase-out of non-recyclable single-use packaging. The city also participated in a returnable cup test at participating Starbucks locations in 2023. The size and dense layout of downtown Petaluma, with its tight cluster of restaurants and local shops within walking distance, and proximity to suburban and rural areas, creates the right conditions for testing a reuse system for to-go cups. Collaboration with local stakeholders has helped adapt the initiative to local policy and infrastructure, identify optimal return points across the city and engage the broader community.

“The City of Petaluma is laying the groundwork to make cup reuse not only an option, but the default,” says Kevin McDonnell, the Mayor of the City of Petaluma. “We have an amazing, engaged community, and we look forward to assisting the success of this program, alongside our local restaurants and participating global brands that service our community.”

“Imagine a neighborhood where all to-go cups are reusable, and returning these cups required no extra steps. By making reusable cups as convenient and accessible as single use, we can offer an alternative for residents when they forget to bring their own cups with them,” says Leslie Lukacs, Executive Director of Zero Waste Sonoma. “Universal accessibility creates the foundation for a cultural shift towards reuse.”

The Petaluma Reusable Cup Project will install more than 60 cup return bins across Petaluma. After use and return, the reusable cups will be collected, washed and recirculated for future uses by participating businesses and customers. Muuse, a winner of the 2018 NextGen Cup innovation challenge, was selected by the NextGen Consortium to manage all servicing and reverse logistics for the initiative.

“Transitioning to returnable packaging systems is a critical part of reducing single-use packaging waste, and we need to focus on supporting the operations behind it. These systems must be thoughtfully and responsibly implemented to ensure we are minimizing our impact of creating more waste in the process,” says Brittany Gamez, COO & Co-Founder of Muuse. “It is through initiatives like this that we can identify what is needed to operationalize shared systems at this level and inform how reuse is implemented at scale.” 

The initiative, which runs until November, will collect baseline data that measures customer participation and the environmental impact of offering reusables as the default choice for customers, testing whether the model is operationally viable for scale. Data from the initiative can be leveraged by businesses and regulators to support them as they design new reuse systems and draft well-informed packaging regulations.

This is another key step in the NextGen Consortium’s longstanding work to advance reuse. Since 2018, the NextGen Consortium, its brand partners and the Center for the Circular Economy ecosystem have been at the forefront of the reuse movement. In 2019 and 2020, the NextGen Consortium launched groundbreaking trials in the San Francisco Bay Area to understand how reusable cup programs might operate simultaneously across multiple restaurants, leading to a foundational reuse report. Starbucks, a NextGen founding partner, has launched cup share programs in over 25 markets globally, including saturation trials in California. They also recently became the first national coffee retailer to accept reusable cups for drive-thru and mobile orders, making significant progress to incentivize customers to bring their own cups to stores. The work to advance reuse also extends beyond the cup. In 2023, the Consortium to Reinvent the Retail Bag, also managed by the Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners, wrapped its largest returnable bag program, alongside its largest bring your own bag program, in partnership with CVS Health, Target and other leading retailers.

Moving forward, the NextGen Consortium will continue its work and collaboration with stakeholders from across the reuse value chain, from innovators and activists to global brands and policymakers, to effectively scale reuse systems that are better for the environment.

About the NextGen Consortium

The NextGen Consortium is a multi-year consortium that addresses single-use foodservice packaging waste by advancing the design, commercialization and recovery of foodservice packaging alternatives. The NextGen Consortium is managed by Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy. Starbucks and McDonald’s are the founding partners of the Consortium, with The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo as sector lead partners. Peet’s Coffee, with its parent company JDE Peet’s, Wendy’s, Yum! Brands, Delta Air Lines and Toast are supporting partners. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is the environmental advisory partner. Learn more at www.nextgenconsortium.com.

About the Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners

The Center for the Circular Economy is the innovation arm of Closed Loop Partners, a firm at the forefront of building the circular economy. The Center executes research and analytics, unites organizations to tackle complex material challenges and implements systemic change that advances the circular economy. The Center for the Circular Economy’s expertise spans circularity across the full lifecycle of materials, connecting upstream innovation to downstream recovery infrastructure and end markets. Learn more about the Center for the Circular Economy at closedlooppartners.com/the-center/

NEW YORK, April 16, 2024 /PRNewswire/ — Today, the Composting Consortium, an industry collaboration led by the Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners, released a groundbreaking report that fills a critical data gap for the U.S. composting industry: how well does certified, food-contact compostable packaging actually break down in real-world composting facilities? The report, Breaking It Down: The Realities of Compostable Packaging Disintegration in Composting Systems, shares findings from an 18-month study––the largest known field test of certified, food-contact compostable packaging conducted in North America––revealing the realities of compostable plastic and fiber disintegration in diverse in-field composting conditions.

In total, the study tested over 23,000 units of certified food-contact compostable packaging within large-scale industrial composting environments. This encompassed 31 types of fiber packaging & products and compostable plastic packaging & products––such as PLA and PHA––across 10 diverse composting facilities across the U.S.

The data is released at a critical time, as compostable packaging grows as an alternative to conventional plastics amidst an urgent waste crisis. Roughly one-third of the world’s food is wasted each year––a loss estimated at $230 billion. Nearly 60% of the uncontrolled methane emissions from municipal landfills are caused by discarded food, highlighting its significant impact on the environment. To address the urgent food waste and climate challenge, demand for organics circularity is rising, and with it, the volume of food-contact compostable packaging––a market poised to grow 16% annually in the U.S. until 2032, 4x faster than traditional plastic packaging. Today, the U.S. composting industry is in an early stage of transformation to accept and process more food waste; approximately 70% of the composters who process food also accept and process some format of food-contact compostable packaging, with the understanding that accepting these materials helps bring in more food waste to their facilities.

For compostable packaging to reach its full potential as a circular packaging solution, disintegration at end-of-life is critical, in tandem with consistent labeling and design that differentiates compostable and non-compostable packaging further upstream, as well as policies that incentivize robust composting infrastructure to process these materials. In this new study, the Composting Consortium focuses on how compostable packaging breaks down. Previously, scant information was publicly available on the disintegration of compostable packaging, particularly on the compost environments in which they disintegrate.

This groundbreaking study found that overall, compostable packaging breaks down successfully at composting facilities that meet reasonable operational parameters (e.g., compost pile temperatures, moisture, oxygen, pH, etc., defined in The Composting Handbook). While the Consortium’s study did not assess disintegration with the intention to “pass” or “fail” any specific compostable packaging or product, notably, the average compostable plastic and fiber packaging in-field performance in this study met disintegration thresholds used by industry groups:

• Compostable plastic packaging and products broke down successfully across five composting methods, and all 10 facilities’ varying processing timeframes and operating conditions, achieving 98% disintegration on average by surface area, which exceeds industry thresholds to achieve a 90% or higher disintegration.
• Compostable fiber packaging and products achieved 83% disintegration on average by surface area, meeting industry thresholds to achieve an 80% or higher disintegration. Findings showed that certain operating conditions, like turning, agitation and consistent moisture levels above 50%, support increased disintegration of fiber packaging and products.

The findings point to the viability of certified food-contact compostable packaging as an alternative packaging solution to single-use conventional plastic packaging. It also highlights the importance of ensuring that these materials align with available recovery infrastructure, and the importance of expanding robust recovery pathways to divert compostable packaging, and the food scraps they carry, from landfill––that is at the core of the Composting Consortium’s mission.

The Composting Consortium, in collaboration with its brand and industry partners, the US Composting Council, the Compost Research and Education Foundation and other groups, will leverage these findings to help inform policymaking around compostable packaging, update best management practices for composting facilities and shape a field test standard for evaluating compostable packaging disintegration at composting facilities. Data from this study will be donated to the Compostable Field Testing Program (CFTP), which will later launch an open-source database on the disintegration of compostable packaging. Additionally, ASTM International is currently developing an in-field test method for assessing disintegration of compostable items at composting facilities, and the data from this study will be used to inform the draft field testing method. As the Consortium moves into its next phase of work, the results of this study will shape its engagement and education efforts with composters, municipalities, regulators, brands and packaging manufacturers.

“Field testing for disintegration has been ongoing for three decades, and the Composting Consortium’s work across the value chain has significantly advanced insights for the industry,” says Diane Hazard, Executive Director of the Compost Research and Education Foundation. “The collaborative approach and open-source data from this project both advances field testing methods and equips compost manufacturers and brands with the knowledge to better understand the variability of disintegration across different systems, all major steps towards successfully processing compostable packaging.”

“Brands and manufacturers must prioritize material selection and design and labeling for compostable packaging to achieve optimal performance in composting environments, which can then incentivize composters to accept food-contact compostable packaging materials at their facilities,” says Frank Franciosi, Executive Director of the US Composting Council, an industry partner of the Composting Consortium. “As feedstock for composters becomes diversified and more complex, it’s important for all entities within the supply chain to support consumer education on source separation of organics and reevaluate best management practices to support those composters who choose to accept compostable packaging, and this study is another tool for our industry to be able to start that process.”

“Alongside design and reduction as well as reuse and recycling, composting is an important solution for waste mitigation. Through this research, the Composting Consortium sheds light on what is needed for compostable packaging to have the greatest positive impact. Informed by this robust data, we can together ensure the responsible growth of compostable packaging and composting infrastructure, and drive toward circular outcomes, including increased diversion of food scraps and compostable packaging from landfills,” says Kate Daly, Managing Director and Head of the Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners.

The study brought together the Consortium’s corporate brand partners, including PepsiCo, the NextGen Consortium, Colgate-Palmolive, Community Impact at Danaher, Eastman, The Kraft Heinz Company, Mars, Incorporated and Target Corporation; technical partners including the US Composting Council, Resource Recycling Systems (RRS), the Compostable Field Testing Program (CFTP) and the Biodegradable Products Institute (BPI); and a cohort of compost partners including Atlas Organics, Napa Recycling & Waste Services, Specialized Environmental Technologies, Windham Solid Waste Management, Black Earth Compost, Ag Choice Organics Recycling, Happy Trash Can Compost, Veteran Compost and Dayton Foodbank. Advisory partners include 5 Gyres, Foodservice Packaging Institute (FPI), ReFED, the Compost Research and Education Foundation (CREF), the Sustainable Packaging Coalition (SPC), Compost Manufacturing Alliance (CMA), Eco-Cycle, University College London (UCL), Western Michigan University (WMU), University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point and World Wildlife Fund (WWF).

About the Composting Consortium

The Composting Consortium is a multi-year collaboration to pilot industry-wide solutions and build a roadmap for investment in technologies and infrastructure that enable the recovery of compostable food packaging and food scraps. The Composting Consortium is managed by Closed Loop Partners’ Center for the Circular Economy. Learn more about the Consortium at closedlooppartners.com/composting-consortium/

About the Center for the Circular Economy at Closed Loop Partners

The Center for the Circular Economy is the innovation arm of Closed Loop Partners, a firm at the forefront of building the circular economy. The Center executes research and analytics, unites organizations to tackle complex material challenges and implements systemic change that advances the circular economy. The Center for the Circular Economy’s expertise spans circularity across the full lifecycle of materials, connecting upstream innovation to downstream recovery infrastructure and end markets. Learn more about the Center for the Circular Economy at closedlooppartners.com/the-center/